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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2 NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 2.16 μg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO2 intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO2 NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.

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  • Understanding Braided Hose Applications, Benefits, and Considerations


  • Benefits of Using Rubber Airline Hoses


  • 2. Working Pressure This hose is engineered to withstand substantial pressure, making it ideal for applications that involve high-stress environments. The 208 in its designation often reflects the hose's ability to handle pressures up to 208 bar (or approximately 3000 psi), which is commonly required in various machinery and equipment.


  • Wire braided flexible hoses are typically constructed from a core material that serves as the primary conduit for fluids, gases, or chemicals. Surrounding this core is a braided layer of wire, usually made from stainless steel or other high-strength materials, which provides significant pressure resistance and enhances durability. This combination allows the hose to maintain its shape and integrity even in dynamic environments and under varying pressures.


  • Advantages of Silicone Intake Hoses


  • An LPG braided gas hose is specifically designed to transport liquefied petroleum gas safely. Its construction typically includes an inner tube made of synthetic rubber or thermoplastic material that is reinforced with braided strands, often made of stainless steel or synthetic fibers. This braiding provides not only additional strength and durability but also resistance to external factors such as abrasion and chemicals, making it suitable for both residential and commercial applications.


  • In the world of fluid transfer and piping systems, ensuring a secure and leak-free connection is paramount. Braided hoses, widely used for their flexibility and strength, require specific tools to assemble and maintain their integrity. One such tool is the braided hose crimping tool, an essential device for anyone working with these specialized hoses. This article explores the importance, features, and usage of braided hose crimping tools.


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